Loading...
HomeMy WebLinkAbout07 340 LAS Investigator Agreement . . . . lrlfE T}IE, NO. 2007 - 340 BEING A BY-LAW TO APPOINT LOCAL AUTHORITY SERVICES LTD. AS THE INVESTIGATOR PURSUANT TO SECTIONS 239.1 AND 239.2 OF THE MUNICIPAL ACT, 2001 AND TO ENTER INTO AN AGREEMENT WITH LOCAL AUTHORITY SERVICES LTD. FOR THE PROVISION OF THIS SERVICE WHEREAS effective January 1, 2008, Section 239.1 of the Municipal Act, 2001, S.D. 2001, c. 25 as amended permits a person to request an investigation of whether a municipality or local board has complied with section 239 of the Municipal Act, 2001 as amended or a procedure by-law under subsection 238 (2) in respect of a meeting or part of a meeting that was closed to the public; AND WHEREAS Section 239.2 (1) authorizes a municipality to appoint an investigator who has the function to investigate in an independent manner, on a complaint made to him or her by any person, whether the municipality or a local board has complied with Section 239 or a procedure by-law under subsection 238 (2) in respect of a meeting that was closed to the public, and to report on the investigation AND WHEREAS Council deems it desirable to appoint Local Authority Services Limited (LAS) as the Investigator to investigate all requests on behalf of the Municipality and its Local Boards for a two year term commencing January 1, 2008; AND WHEREAS Section 8 (1) of the Municipal Act, 2001, S.D. 2001, c. 25, as amended, provides that the powers of a municipality under this or any other Act shall be interpreted broadly so as to confer broad authority on the municipality to enable the municipality to govern its affairs as it considers appropriate and to enhance the municipality's ability to respond to municipal issues; AND WHEREAS pursuant to the said Municipal Act, Section 9 provides that a municipality has the capacity, rights, powers and privileges of a natural person for the purposes of exercising its authority under this or any other Act; NOW THEREFORE the Council of The Corporation of the Municipality of Kincardine ENACTS as follows: 1. That Council hereby appoints LAS as the independent Investigator to investigate in accordance with the legislation all requests for an investigation of the Council and Committees of the Municipality and the Local Boards and their Committees of the Municipality. For the purposes of this By-Law "committee" and "local board" shall have the meaning as defined in section 238 of the Act. . . . . Page 2 LAS Investigator Agreement By-law By-law No. 2007 - 340 2. The appointment shall be for an initial term of two years commencing the first day of January, 2008 and ending on December 31, 2009 and may be renewed for subsequent two year terms. 3. LAS and its delegate shall, in carrying out the functions of Investigator, have regard to, among other matters, the importance of the Investigator's credibility, the independence, impartiality and confidentiality with respect to the investigative process. 4. The Investigator or the delegate may hear or obtain information from such persons as the Investigator or the delegate thinks fit, and may make such inquiries as Investigator or the delegate thinks fit and it is not necessary for the Investigator or the delegate to hold any hearing. 5. Subject to section 6, no person is entitled as of right to be heard by the Investigator or the delegate. 6. If at any time during the course of an investigation it appears to the Investigator or the delegate that there may be sufficient grounds for a report or recommendation that may adversely affect the municipality, a local board or any other person, the Investigator or the delegate shall give him, her or it an opportunity to make representations respecting the adverse report or recommendation, either personally or by counsel. 7. After conducting an investigation, the Investigator or the delegate shall report to the municipality or in the case of a local board, to the local board and the Municipality. The report shall include an opinion and the reasons for it and may make such recommendations as the Investigator or the delegate thinks fit. The report shall be included on the next agenda of the Councilor in the case of a Local Board, the Council and the Local Board agendas, immediately following receipt of the report. 8. Every request for an investigation by a person shall include all of the following: a) be directed to the Clerk, b) be in writing, c) include reasons for the request, d) be signed, and e) include an address and telephone number of the person making the request. 9. An Agreement between the municipality and LAS for investigative services as shown on Schedule "A" attached hereto is hereby approved and the Mayor and Chief Administrative Officer are hereby authorized to execute the Agreement on behalf of the municipality. . . . . Page 3 LAS Investigator Agreement By-law By-law No. 2007 - 340 10. This by-law shall come into full force and effect upon its final passage. 11. This By-law may be cited as the "LAS Investigator Agreement By-law". READ a FIRST and SECOND TIME this yth day of November, 2007. ,./' 9G1Vl'&.. i,~J;)c~,-~cdQ Clerk 1.) Mayor READ a THIRD TIME and FINALLY PASSED this yth day of November, 2007. ~)cr".II~~. i"~lli...v2oJ2p Clerk Q /Mayor INVESTIGATOR SERVICES AGREEMENT This Agreement made this ~ day of Ntlve ~rn hE' I , 2007 BETWEEN The Corporation of the Municipality of Kincardine (the "Municipality") -and- Local Authority Services Limited ("LAS") (each a "Party" and together the "Parties") RECITALS WHEREAS effective January 1, 2008, Section 239.1 of the Municipal Act, 2001, as amended (the "Act"), will pennit a person to request an investigation of whether a municipality or local board has complied with Section 239 of the Act and/or a procedure by-law enacted pursuant to Subsection 238 (2) of the Act in respect of a meeting or part of a meeting that was closed to the public; AND WHEREAS the investigation of the relevant municipality or local board must be undertaken by an Investigator appointed by the municipality pursuant to Sections 9, 10, 11, and 239.2 of the Act or by an Ombudsman appointed pursuant to the Ombudsman Act if the municipality has not appointed an Investigator under the Act; AND WHEREAS the Municipality deems it desirable that all requests for an investigation be undertaken in the public interest by an appointed independent and impartial investigator (the "Investigator"); AND WHEREAS the Municipality deems it desirable to appoint LAS as the Investigator to investigate all requests received by the Municipality after January 1, 2008 pursuant to the Act respecting any meeting of the Municipality's council, a local board, or a committee of either of them; 2 AND WHEREAS LAS is dedicated to providing services to Ontario municipalities, and is interested in acting as the Investigator for the Municipality on the terms and conditions set out in this Agreement; NOW THEREFORE in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the Parties agree as follows: Appointment 1. Pursuant to the Act, the Municipality hereby appoints LAS to provide the Investigator Services in accordance with the Act, for all requests for an investigation of the Council and Committees of the Municipality and, the Local Boards, and/or their Committees. For the purposes of this Agreement, "committee" and "local board" shall have the meaning as defined in Section 238 of the Act. 2. Within thirty (30) days of the execution of this Agreement, the Municipality hereby agrees to provide to LAS or its delegate a list of all of the Local Boards and Committees to whom this Agreement applies. The Municipality further agrees to give notice in writing of this Agreement and the appointing by-law to each of the Local Boards and/or Committees affected by this Agreement Powers 3. The Municipality hereby grants to LAS those powers and duties outlined in Section 239.2 of the Act, and as set out in Schedule "A" to this Agreement. 4. LAS agrees to undertake timely, impartial, and independent investigations and they shall be confidential as required by Section 239.2(5)(b) of the Act. 5. The Parties agree not to disclose any confidential information related to the Services to any party (other than a Party's legal counsel, accountants or other advisors who have a need to know such information and have agreed to keep such terms confidential) except information as agreed to by the parties or to comply with any applicable law. Either Party shall be entitled to all remedies available at law or in equity to enforce or seek relief in connection with this confidentiality obligation. Delegation 6. The Parties acknowledge and agree that LAS, pursuant to Section 239.2(6) of the Act, may delegate all of its powers and duties as Investigator to a third party (the "Delegate"). Any and all rights and obligations of LAS under this Agreement shall also be assigned to the Delegate accordingly. LAS agrees to promptly notify the Municipality of the name of the Delegate. 3 7. The Parties agree to indemnify and save harmless each other from and against all liabilities, losses, suits, claims, demands, damages, expenses, costs (including all legal costs), fines and actions of any kind or nature whatsoever arising out of or in connection with any breach of any representation, warranty, covenant or any provision under this Agreement, provided that the Party not at fault gives prompt written notice of any such losses or claims to the other Party. 8 Notwithstanding Section 7, no Party shall be responsible for any liability in respect of a third-party claim arising under this Agreement due to the wilful misconduct, gross negligence, or bad faith of the other Party. 9. LAS shall not be liable under this Agreement for any consequential, special, or indirect damages whatsoever and the maximum aggregate amount of indenmification payable by LAS under this Agreement for any reason whatsoever shall not exceed the Fees. Process 10. Upon receipt of a request for an investigation regarding the Meeting, it is agreed that the Clerk of the Municipality shall forthwith forward the following documents to LAS or the Delegate, as appropriate: 1) The original request for an investigation; 2) A certified copy of the municipal procedure by-law and, if applicable, the procedure by-law for the Local Board; 3) A certified copy of the municipal notice by-law and, if applicable, the notice by-law for the Local Board; 4) A certified copy of the agenda with all relevant attachments relating to the Meeting; 5) A certified copy of the notice given for the Meeting; 6) A certified copy of the minutes of the Meeting; 7) A contact list for all members of the Council, Local Board or Committee for which the request is made and for all persons present at the Meeting; 8) Such other information or documentation that the Clerk of the Municipality deems relevant; and 9) Such other information or documentation that LAS or the Delegate may from time to time deem relevant to the investigation. Fees 11. The Municipality agrees to pay fees and expenses of LAS or the Delegate for the Services (the "Fees"): 1) A retainer fee of Six Hundred Dollars ($600) per term plus applicable taxes, payable upon execution of this Agreement; 2) A daily investigation fee of One Thousand Two Hundred Fifty Dollars ($1,250.00) plus all applicable taxes; 4 i) A day consists of eight (8) working hours; ii) Daily investigation fees will be billed in hourly increments where appropriate 3) All legal fees incurred by LAS or the Delegate arising out of a claim made by a third-party regarding this Agreement; and 4) All reasonable expenses incurred during the course of providing the Services, including but not limited to any costs associated with transportation expenses, meals, report preparation including translation costs where appropriate, and out-of-pocket administrative costs. 12. The investigation fee shall be billed by LAS or its Delegate, as appropriate. 13. The retainer fee shall be billed by LAS. 14. Any investigation fee submitted by the Delegate shall be deemed to be a debt owed to both LAS and the Delegate until paid in full. Additional Services Provided by LAS or the Delegate 15. LAS agrees to create and maintain, or cause the Delegate to create and maintain, a password protected website to which the Municipality shall have access during the Term. The website will include the following features: a. Information and updates on closed meeting procedures; b. The panel of personnel hired by LAS or the Delegate to fulfill the Services, including experience; and c. Access to all reports made by LAS or the Delegate. 16. Upon execution of this Agreement by the Parties, LAS agrees to provide the Municipality with an information package including but not limited to: an appointing by-law, educational materials, etc. Term 17. The term of this Agreement shall be two (2) years commencing on the first day of January 2008, or any later day as agreed upon by the Parties, and ending on December 31, 2009 (the "Term"). Renewal 18. Subject to Section 17 herein, this Agreement shall automatically renew from year to year unless and until tenninated by either Party upon ninety (90) days prior written notice on the same terms and conditions contained herein except that the retainer fee and investigation fee may be adjusted by LAS, in its sole discretion, acting reasonably. LAS agrees to invoice the Municipality for the retainer fee related to the renewal period at least one hundred and twenty (120) days prior to 5 the commencement of the renewal term and the Municipality agrees to pay such invoice at least thirty (30) days prior to the commencement of the renewal term. Termination 19. This Agreement may be terminated by either Party on ninety (90) days written notice to the other Party provided that any investigations commenced prior to the tennination date shall be completed pursuant to this Agreement and the appointing by-law, and all related Fees shall be paid as set out herein. Dispute Resolution 20. Any controversy, dispute, difference, question or claim ansmg between the Parties in connection with this Agreement that cannot be resolved by a manager from each Party (collectively, the "Dispute") shall be settled in accordance with this Article. 21. The aggrieved Party shall send the other Party written notice identifying the Dispute, its position on the Dispute and the remedy sought. Upon receipt of such written notice, a senior officer of the other Party shall enter into good faith negotiations with a senior officer of the aggrieved Party to resolve the Dispute. 22. If the Dispute has not been resolved within thirty (30) days after such written notice has been given, either Party may avail itself of any process or means legally available to resolve the Dispute. Miscellaneous 23. All provisions herein shall enure to the benefit of and be binding upon the Parties and their respective successors and permitted assigns. 24. Any provision of this Agreement that is prohibited or unenforceable in any jurisdiction shall not invalidate the remaining provisions hereof and any such prohibition or unenforceability in any jurisdiction shall not invalidate or render unenforceable such provision in any other jurisdiction. In respect of any provision so determined to be unenforceable or invalid, the Parties agree to negotiate in good faith to replace the unenforceable or invalid provision with a new provision that is enforceable and valid in order to give effect to the business intent of the original provision to the extent pennitted by law and in accordance with the intent of this Agreement. 25. This Agreement, including any Schedule attached hereto, constitutes the entire Agreement between the Parties with respect to the subject matter hereof and cancels and supersedes any prior agreements, undertakings, declarations, commitments, representations, written or oral, in respect thereof. This Agreement shall be read with all changes of gender or number required by the context. 6 26. No modification of or amendment to this Agreement shall be valid or binding unless set forth in writing and duly executed by each of the Parties and no waiver of any breach of any term or provision of this Agreement shall be effective or binding unless made in writing and signed by the Party purporting to give the same and, unless otherwise provided, shall be limited to the specific breach waived. 27. Each of the Municipality and LAS shall from time to time execute any and all documents and perform such other acts as may be necessary or expedient to further the purposes of this Agreement and the transactions contemplated hereby. 28. Time shall be of the essence of this Agreement. 29. The Municipality and LAS are not and shall not be deemed to be partners or joint venturers with one another and nothing herein shall be construed so as to impose any liability as such on any of them. The Municipality agrees that LAS shall perform its obligations under this Agreement as an independent contractor, and shall not be deemed to be a trustee for any person, whether or not a party to this Agreement, in connection with the discharge by LAS of such obligations. 30. This Agreement shall be governed by and interpreted in accordance with the laws of the Province of Ontario and the federal laws of Canada applicable herein. 31. All notices which may be necessary or proper for either Party to serve upon the other shall be served by delivery to the Party to whom the notice is to be given or sent postage pre-paid to the following addresses or by facsimile transmission to the facsimile number set out below.: To Municipality: 1475 Concession 5 R.R.#5 Kincardine, ON N2Z 2X6 Facsimile Number: (519) 396-8288 To LAS: 200 University Avenue, Suite 801 Toronto, Ontario M5H 3C6 Facsimile Number: (416) 971-6191 All such notices shall be conclusively deemed to have been given and received upon the day the same is personally delivered or, if mailed or sent by facsimile as aforesaid, three (3) business days after the same is mailed as aforesaid. Either 7 Party may at any time by notice in writing to the other change its address for service of notice. 32. This Agreement may be executed in several counterparts, each of which so executed being deemed to be an original, and such counterparts together shall constitute but one and the same instrument and notwithstanding their date of execution shall be deemed to be made and dated as of the date hereof. [REST OF PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK] The Corporation of the Municipality of Kincardine and LAS have respectively executed and delivered this Agreement as of the date fIrst set out above. The Corporation of the Municipality of Kincardine ~ ~ ~ \..---. ~ Rrio ^^'- '<Va CAO I have authority to bind the corporation Local Authority Services Limited ~ N cy Plumridge President & Secretary Treasurer I have authority to bind the corporation SCHEDULE "A" The following are the relevant statutory authorities enacted at the time of execution of this Agreement: The Municipal Act, 2001, as amended Investigator 239.2 (1) Without limiting sections 9,10 and 11, those sections authorize the municipality to appoint an investigator who has the function to investigate in an independent manner, on a complaint made to him or her by any person, whether the municipality or a local board has complied with section 239 or a procedure by-law under subsection 238 (2) in respect of a meeting or part of a meeting that was closed to the public, and to report on the investigation. 2006, c. 32, Sched. A, s. 104. Powers and duties ill Subject to this section, in carrying out his or her functions under subsection (1), the investigator may exercise such powers and shall perform such duties as may be assigned to him or her by the municipality. 2006, c. 32, Sched. A, s. 104. Matters to which municipality is to have regard ill In appointing an investigator and in assigning powers and duties to him or her, the municipality shall have regard to, among other matters, the importance of the matters listed in subsection (5).2006, c. 32, Sched. A, s. 104. Same, investigator (:!} In carrying out his or her functions under subsection (1), the investigator shall have regard to, among other matters, the importance of the matters listed in subsection (5). 2006, c. 32, Sched. A, s. 104. Same ill The matters referred to in subsections (3) and (4) are, (a) the investigator's independence and impartiality; (b) confidentiality with respect to the investigator's activities; and (c) the credibility of the investigator's investigative process. 2006, c. 32, Sched. A, s. 104. Delegation @ An investigator may delegate in writing to any person, other than a member of council, any of the investigator's powers and duties under this Part. 2006, c. 32, Sched. A, s. 104. Same ill An investigator may continue to exercise the delegated powers and duties, despite the delegation. 2006, c. 32, Sched. A, s. 104. Status ill An investigator is not required to be a municipal employee. 2006, c. 32, Sched. A, s.104. Application i2.l Subsection 223.13 (6) and sections 223.14 to 223.18 apply with necessary modifications with respect to the exercise of functions described in this section. 2006, c. 32, Sched. A, s. 104. Report and recommendations .QQl If, after making an investigation, the investigator is of the opinion that the meeting or part of the meeting that was the subject-matter of the investigation appears to have been closed to the public contrary to section 239 or to a procedure by-law under subsection 238 (2), the investigator shall report his or her opinion and the reasons for it to the municipality or local board, as the case may be, and may make such recommendations as he or she thinks fit. 2006, c. 32, Sched. A, s. 104. Publication of reports (ll} The municipality or local board shall ensure that reports received under subsection (10) by the municipality or local board, as the case may be, are made available to the public. 2006, c. 32, Sched. A, s. 104. Ombudsman 223.13 Powers paramount @ The powers conferred on the Ombudsman under this Part may be exercised despite any provision in any Act to the effect that any such decision, recommendation, act or omission is final, or that no appeallies in respect of them, or that no proceeding or decision of the person or organization whose decision, recommendation, act or omission it is shall be challenged, reviewed, quashed or called in question. 2006, c. 32, Sched. A, s.98 Investigation 223.14 (1) Every investigation by the Ombudsman shall be conducted in private. 2006, c. 32, Sched. A, s. 98. Opportunity to make representations ill The Ombudsman may hear or obtain information from such persons as he or she thinks fit, and may make such inquiries as he or she thinks fit and it is not necessary for the Ombudsman to hold any hearing and no person is entitled as of right to be heard by the Ombudsman, but if at any time during the course of an investigation it appears to the Ombudsman that there may be sufficient grounds for him or her to make any report or recommendation that may adversely affect the municipality, a local board, a municipally- controlled corporation or any other person, the Ombudsman shall give him, her or it an opportunity to make representations respecting the adverse report or recommendation, either personally or by counsel. 2006, c. 32, Sched. A, s. 98. Application of Ombudsman Act ill Section 19 of the Ombudsman Act applies to the exercise of powers and the performance of duties by the Ombudsman under this Part. 2006, c. 32, Sched. A, s. 98. Same ffi For the purposes of subsection (3), references in section 19 of the Ombudsman Act to "any governmental organization", "the Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act" and "the Public Service Ad' are deemed to be references to "the municipality, a local board or a municipally-controlled corporation", "the Municipal Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act" and "this Act", respectively. 2006, c. 32, Sched. A, s. 98. Duty of confidentiality 223.15 (1) Subject to subsection (2), the Ombudsman and every person acting under the instructions of the Ombudsman shall preserve secrecy with respect to all matters that come to his or her knowledge in the course of his or her duties under this Part. 2006, c. 32, Sched. A, s. 98. Disclosure ill The Ombudsman may disclose in any report made by him or her under this Part such matters as in the Ombudsman's opinion ought to be disclosed in order to establish grounds for his or her conclusions and recommendations. 2006, c. 32, Sched. A, s.98. Section prevails ill This section prevails over the Municipal Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act. 2006, c. 32, Sched. A, s. 98. D No review, etc. 223.16 No proceeding of the Ombudsman under this Part shall be held bad for want of form, and, except on the ground of lack of jurisdiction, no proceeding or decision of the Ombudsman is liable to be challenged, reviewed, quashed or called in question in any court. 2006, c. 32, Sched. A, s. 98. Testimony 223.17 (1) The Ombudsman and any person acting under the instructions of the Ombudsman shall not be called to give evidence in any court, or in any proceedings of a judicial nature, in respect of anything coming to his or her knowledge in the exercise of his or her functions under this Part. 2006, c. 32, Sched. A, s. 98. Same ill Anything said or any information supplied or any document or thing produced by any person in the course of any investigation by or proceedings before the Ombudsman under this Part is privileged in the same manner as if the inquiry or proceedings were proceedings in a court. 2006, c. 32, Sched. A, s. 98. Effect on other rights, etc. 223.18 The rights, remedies, powers, duties and procedures established under sections 223.13 to 223.17 are in addition to the provisions of any other Act or rule oflaw under which any remedy or right of appeal or objection is provided for any person, or any procedure is provided for the inquiry into or investigation of any matter, and nothing in this Part limits or affects any such remedy or right of appeal or objection or procedure. 2006, c. 32, Sched. A, s. 98. Ombudsman Act, R.S.O. 1990, CHAPTER 0.6 Evidence 19. (1) The Ombudsman may from time to time require any officer, employee or member of any governmental organization who in his or her opinion is able to give any information relating to any matter that is being investigated by the Ombudsman to furnish to him or her any such information, and to produce any documents or things which in the Ombudsman's opinion relate to any such matter and which may be in the possession or under the control of that person. R.S.O. 1990, c. 0.6, s. 19 (1). Examination under oath ill The Ombudsman may summon before him or her and examine on oath, (a) any complainant; (b) any person who is an officer or employee or member of any governmental organization and who, in the Ombudsman's opinion, is able to give any information mentioned in subsection (1); or (c) any other person who, in the Ombudsman's opinion, is able to give any information mentioned in subsection (1), and for that purpose may administer an oath. R.S.O. 1990, c. 0.6, s. 19 (2). Secrecy ill Subject to subsection (4), no person who is bound by the provisions of any Act, other than the Public Service Act, to maintain secrecy in relation to, or not to disclose, any matter shall be required to supply any information to or answer any question put by the Ombudsman in relation to that matter, or to produce to the Ombudsman any document or thing relating to it, if compliance with that requirement would be in breach of the obligation of secrecy or non-disclosure. R.S.O. 1990, c. 0.6, s. 19 (3). Providing personal information despite privacy Acts lll2 A person who is subject to the Freedom of Infonnation and Protection of Privacy Act or the Personal Health Infonnation Protection Act, 2004 is not prevented by any provisions in those Acts from providing personal information to the Ombudsman, when the Ombudsman requires the person to provide the information under subsection (1) or (2). 2004, c. 3, Sched. A, s. 94. Idem ffi With the previous consent in writing of any complainant, any person to whom subsection (3) applies may be required by the Ombudsman to supply information or answer any question or produce any document or thing relating only to the complainant, and it is the duty of the person to comply with that requirement. R.S.O. 1990, c. 0.6, s.19(4). Privileges ill Every person has the same privileges in relation to the giving of information, the answering of questions, and the production of documents and things as witnesses have in any court. R.S.O. 1990, c. 0.6, s. 19 (5). Protection @ Except on the trial of any person for peljury in respect of the person's sworn testimony, no statement made or answer given by that or any other person in the course of any inquiry by or any proceedings before the Ombudsman is admissible in evidence against any person in any court or at any inquiry or in any other proceedings, and no evidence in respect of proceedings before the Ombudsman shall be given against any person. R.S.O. 1990, c. 0.6, s. 19 (6). Right to object to answer ill A person giving a statement or answer in the course of any inquiry or proceeding before the Ombudsman shall be informed by the Ombudsman of the right to object to answer any question under section 5 of the Canada Evidence Act. R.S.O. 1990, c. 0.6, s. 19 (7). Prosecution ffi No person is liable to prosecution for an offence against any Act, other than this Act, by reason of his or her compliance with any requirement of the Ombudsman under this section. R.S.O. 1990, c. 0.6, s. 19 (8). Fees f2l Where any person is required by the Ombudsman to attend before him or her for the purposes of this section, the person is entitled to the same fees, allowances, and expenses as ifhe or she were a witness in the Superior Court of Justice, and the provisions of any Act, regulation or rule in that behalf apply accordingly. R.S.O. 1990, c. 0.6, s. 19 (9); 2006, c. 19, Sched. C, s. 1 (1).